Temperature, as a fundamental and important environmental parameter, is the temperature vary inside which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and quite lots of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering purposes.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to determine on a temperature sensor?
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts heat (temperature) right into a readable kind corresponding to an electrical sign similar to present, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in trade zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic tools
Food and beverage industry
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings via an electrical signal. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which point there’s a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that should be in direct contact with the object to be measured to have the ability to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize totally different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can mirror the temperature of the item to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly utilized in industrial, automotive, and everyday family purposes. Because they’re self-powered, they do not require excitation, have quick response occasions, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two totally different steel wires wound collectively to supply a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a number of completely different materials, permitting temperature sensors to measure completely different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are often made from a polymer or ceramic covered with a glass floor, which is why they are cheaper and fewer correct than RTDs. There are two major kinds of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and adverse temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest type and are characterised by a lower in resistance because the temperature increases. This is as a outcome of at larger temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working range of -72.4 to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an working vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire method with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to vary with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are often made of pure metals, especially platinum, which has excellent stability and linearity over a big temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance does not have an result on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation current, thus offering a way to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is probably the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher worth
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two similar diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, however they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are two types of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a tool that routinely adjusts the temperature, normally based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls beneath a set level, the thermostat activates or shuts down heating or cooling tools to maintain the specified temperature.
There are many kinds of thermostats out there, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to meet the needs of different users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical device for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the truth that two totally different metals have totally different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature changes, the two metals within the bimetal expand or contract at completely different rates. Since the two metals are tightly bound collectively, this distinction causes the complete bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature changes, the diploma of bimetal bending changes, and this change may be read instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the target surface. They depend on the thermal vitality radiated by the object to measure temperature, the most common sort being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are excellent for use when an object is moving or the temperature is merely too excessive or too low, as they do not want to come back into contact with the thing itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional image of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in all kinds of industrial and scientific purposes, including temperature management of electronic gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of commercial devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature vary that must be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other necessary choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have completely different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have larger accuracies, while thermocouples have lower accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, excessive strain and different environmental conditions.
Application: Application scenarios require a quick response to temperature modifications, so it could be very important select a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 stainless steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for optimum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid applications.
How to maintain up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use depends on your application and industry, when you have any questions about temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure skilled and technical staff to provide a solution. We additionally supply instruments for water high quality evaluation, move meters, level measurement, strain measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a basic and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature vary within which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and a selection of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific analysis and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose on a temperature sensor?
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring gadget. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable type similar to an electrical sign similar to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument shut up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical area
Environmental monitoring
Electronic equipment
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical business
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by means of an electrical signal. They contain two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the item to be measured so as to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can replicate the temperature of the item to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are mostly used in industrial, automotive, and on an everyday basis household functions. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and might function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two totally different steel wires wound together to provide a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a selection of totally different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure totally different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance modifications with temperature. They are usually manufactured from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass floor, which is why they are cheaper and less correct than RTDs. There are two major forms of thermistors: positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and unfavorable temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest kind and are characterized by a lower in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is as a end result of at higher temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and commonplace thermistors have an operating range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer items with a two-wire technique with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually made of pure metals, particularly platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a large temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance does not have an result on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation present, thus offering a method to remove line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is essentially the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are usually integrated into integrated circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature vary (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are ตัววัดแรงดัน of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is located away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that routinely adjusts the temperature, often based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling tools to maintain the desired temperature.
There are many types of thermostats obtainable, together with knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to satisfy the needs of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature changes, the two metals within the bimetal broaden or contract at different rates. Since the two metals are tightly certain collectively, this difference causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is normally made into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature modifications, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this modification can be learn directly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the target surface. They depend on the thermal energy radiated by the object to measure temperature, the most common type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a target object to discover out its temperature. They are best for use when an object is shifting or the temperature is too high or too low, as they don’t want to return into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in all kinds of industrial and scientific applications, including temperature management of digital gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business devices
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature range that must be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this range.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other necessary choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, while thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working environment, such as humidity, corrosive substances, excessive strain and other environmental circumstances.
Application: Application scenarios require a quick response to temperature adjustments, so you will need to choose a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 stainless-steel rods and inner wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head types are available in two stem types: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for optimum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid purposes.
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is decided by your application and industry, in case you have any questions on temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure professional and technical group to provide a solution. We also supply instruments for water quality evaluation, move meters, stage measurement, strain measurement, ozone mills and temperature controller.
Extended studying:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters